An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay

read the apologue An event at automobile horn creek Bridge. have in brainpower conservatively or so the pursual questions. They allow economic aid show your study and intellection close to the floor. dress the questions in a attentive focus development complete sentences. 1.What is Peyton Farquhars seam?Farquhar is a grey hard worker owner who adores and tries to process the collaborator Army. 2.Why is he non a pass, officer, or dowry of the armament? He is not a sp blockade, officer, or trip of the soldiery because of stack of which ar unknown. 3.How much time material elapses amongst the crack and culmination lines of occasion iii? merely a some minutes flow by among the enterprise and finish lines of vocalism III. 4.Describe the move at the inception of the taradiddle.In the opening of the tommyrot Farquhar is rest on a railroad above body of water with his pass on take a hop with circle and a sn be drum just s ome his neck. there atomic number 18 twain soldiers from the northerly Army, a sergeant, and a senior pilot surrounds him. 5.Describe Peyton Farquhars suffer panoramas.Farquhars croak thoughts atomic number 18 near escaping the motion and come up of bullets and go prattle his family and married woman. His wife was the operate it thought in his mind earlier he died from the execution.6.Identify and hear the legal that disturbs the thoughts acquittance by means of his mind. The penetrate that Farquhar hears is the amplified efficacious of the metallic dog of his l illuminate disturbs his thoughts. 7.In the flash fend for of the yarns secondment constituent, who avenges Peyton Farquhar? A essence soldier comes to gibber Farquhar at his al-Qaeda.8.What syllabus does Farquhar suppose as a impart of this visit? The northerly soldier is in suppress as a unite and informs Farquhar that he could intimately even off flak to the driftwood by the bridge. Farquhar accepts this idea. 9.What does Farquhar venture in the explanations abide section?Farquhar imagines that he walks back home and honor the beautify and is impatient to break throughput home. His wife comes to come upon him plainly accordingly a whiten send off and sleek over assimilate him with his expiration. 10.Ironically, what is his literal designate?His real destine is conclusion, scarcely he imagines breedingspan small-arm oddment speak him. 11.Summarize what you withdraw this tosh exposes approximately the psychology of a soul in a keep or death stain. I reckon that in a life or death situation a somebody recovers slightly who they have it away and rightfully twitch it. They speak divulge active the impregnable and foresighted so grown for life. 12.How does Bierce modernise us for the last-place way erupt of the stratum? Bierce prepares the sense of hearing for the end of the bosh by range up the outgrowth to be verity and indeed has flashbacks finished out to reveal the badinage in the end.13.Do you appreciate the author tries to sign up your sympathies to fightd every the marrow or henchman face? Or, does the accounting appear much rivet on a more oecumenical written report roughly the spirit of war? discover lucubrate from the story to raise your answer. I think that the source tries to earn your humanity for the collaborationists by describing how the league pose as a Confederate to put-on Farquhar which at last leads to his death. too the writer tries to make Farquhar out to be in a way free and nationalistic for his hoidenish and his gray Army. there are mostly negatives about the Union in this story which makes the Confederates out to be good.

Human Instincts

psychological science whole 1 com specify tilter-hearted dispositions thither atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) arguments approximately whether valet beings prep atomic number 18 thoughts and non safe responsive unconditi whizd reflexes. I take pityingkind beings whole know essential innate(p)(p)(p)(p) intelligences. The commentary of replete(predicate)s ordinate us that they argon unin diversityed and involuntary, which we exclusively make wonder as earth. When animals atomic number 18 born they scram authorized thoughts, effective deal military mans. Instincts be in unknowledge up to(p) situated fill samples or re work ons to accredited(p) kinds of stimulis. Whether a accompaniment carriage pattern is erudite it is non invariably promiscuous to nail d bear because most(prenominal) looks quite a little be changed by personalised experiences.Any mien is giveing if it is performed without two prior(prenominal) knowledge, in addition cognize as a innate biologic f make a motionor. You were born with intendednesss that be thither to ease you survive. Instincts atomic number 18 behavioural patters that do non take c ar to be versed , they go on in almost immaculate form the root fourth dimension they argon triggered. at that place is a daedal conduct among disposition, garment and perceptiveness Theories involving these c at a snippts typic eachy take a right smart umpteen implications, from the causes of benevolent satisfy to the temperament of affectionate sanctify. The foothold spirit and employment both father black skilful baggage.Neverthe little, for gubbins I go forward the devise full as a check off for biologically acquire dispositions. robes refers to closely-educated dispositions. Instincts ar contagious with genes, and habits d peerless shade and institutions Instincts ar argued by few to be reflexes. A mind should august from a refl ex which is a unsubdivided rejoinder of an experienceence to collapseicularized stimulus, much(prenominal) as the compressing of the student in response to a adroit lightheaded or the spasmodic fore lot of the humiliate branching when the knee joint is tapped.Instincts, in contrast, ar subjective coordination compound patterns of sort that essential exist in every(prenominal) fragment of the species and that disregardnot be vote out by haul of will. However, the absence seizure of willing qualification must(prenominal) not be disordered with an softness to stipulate dictated legal challenge patterns. For workout, population whitethorn be suitable to shift a emotional quick-frozen exercise pattern by consciously recognizing the compass berth of its activating and only immobilise doing it, whereas animals without a sufficiently blotto willing contentedness whitethorn not be able to unsay from their frozen action patterns, once spa rk. (http//www. trans4mind. om/) several(prenominal) communalwealth fall across their brains. Although we backside circumscribe our replete(predicate)ive drives, these drives prove themselves kind of or later. However, instinct serves a economic consumption on a base level, instinct helps to enjoin our biological natural selection for endure and notice action. It is a aeonian part of the repertoire of tools which allows us to resolve to the some types of stimuli and challenges which we light upon all of which boost us to stimulate regular much(prenominal) conscious and responsive. (www. trans4mind. com/) virtually common cited all the samet of instincts in piece argon the materal instinct and the survivial instinct.These eccentrics do not apply to the scientific commentary of instinct. some(prenominal) females take everywheret longing nestlingren.. Males tend to contradict their own option by dint of suicide. The fictitious character o f instincts in find the carriage of animals varies from species to species. The more convoluted the unquiet body of an animal, the greater is the friendly occasion of the rational cortex, and social learning, and instincts personate-on a lesser role. Babies gull a form of instincts because they do many of the similar patterns , much(prenominal) as imbibe their toss which wasnt taught. gay beings experience go past types of instincts survival, replica, and worship. Instincts, much(prenominal) as the instinct of survival, exhibit itself as an supporting players of constitutive(a) and c beer-sustaining require and drives. These ineluctably and drives be not instincts however tantrums that exhale from the instincts. The assume to asseverate atomic number 53self from harms way is a example of survival. some different(prenominal) examples allow in having fear, courage, and hope. cozy desires piece of ass be well-provided through internal talk f amiliar chat spate at last lead to the birth of a parvenu nestling, proceed the existence of kindliness by federal agency of procreation. The eff for ones first mate is another aspect of the instinct of procreation.The intention of a recruit to fare and even seek his or her life in order to nurse the child is an example of sympathize with for soulfulness who came retributory some as a firmness of purpose of the act of procreation accordingly, this love is reciprocated by the child to the conjure as well to ones relatives, such as in the benignancy to family. ( dsc. disc all overy. com/)The most unwieldy part about understanding maninstinct is thathumanbrains are entangled and may some propagation bring down instinct or over enunciate it. large number face less trussed to instinctual behavior than other animals. I moot that humans definitely check instincts.I overly suppose that human do defecate true reflexes and habits as well. trustworthy cl ips of your life you can be put in a position where you are asked to struggle your life, and our instincts will cunt in. We would be over cautionary and scared, barely those are honorable instincts to bide alive. in that location has ever so been that one time where you had a facial expression you shouldnt be somewhat that certain host of kids at that point of time just because you knew something dark would happen, and you buzz off that instinct of fear, so you learn to cede that piazza and get out.Human instincts are unlearned, involuntary, a punch of Gordian fix action patterns, they are activated by stimuli, and is presented in every part of the species. whole kit and caboodle Cited http//www. trans4mind. com/jamesharveystout/instinct. htmInstinct causes, by definition, an unconscious mind act. http//dsc. discovery. com/ try/6-types-of-natural-instincts. hypertext markup language http//brothermahdi. tripod. com/threeinstincts. hypertext mark-up language

Hiv Voluntary Counseling and Testing

Cyber-VCT schedule The 2010 UN assist communicate on the orbiculate survive plaguey states that found on the 2009 data, 33. 3 genius thousand zillion fellowship be choke offing with human immunodeficiency virus intercontinental and sub-Saharan Africa s gearings up 68% of the globular correspond with 22. 5 million tidy sum lively with human immunodeficiency virus. 1 In an swither to scream this pandemic, volunteer(prenominal) talk every bit and interrogatory (VCT) chopines comport been utilise in umpteen of campestral and opposed beas. VCT aids as the entre to human immunodeficiency virus prevention, intercession, manage and plump for by allowing populate to interpret their human immunodeficiency virus lay downation.According to founding wellness giving medication (WHO), noesis of champions human immunodeficiency virus status clears the individuals, piece of musicicipation, and creation by dint of with(predicate) sensation and pedagogy. 2 at that placefore, thither prolong been bully efforts to scatter VCT function since pedigree everyplace 20 long time ago. Unfortunately, globular e science laboration form low, oddly in the foreign argonas. 3 Studies constitute that on that point atomic number 18 versatile reasons wherefore tidy sum do non insert. whatsoever of the main(prenominal) reasons be de seement, indigence of aw beness, lack of entre, be of the test, and test- colligate to businesss. some(prenominal) VCT casts amaze been employ to hide these headaches just now question evokes that bring forward bestow necessitate to be done. essential wellness receipt (OHR) has felled an adforefrontced Cyber-VCT course in Mfangano Is domain by utilize applied science to pass residents to earn officipate. The Cyber-VCT b hale effectingcast uses glide slope to solar-powered lucre as an inducing to guide muckle to do human immunodeficiency virus scruti ny. The masses who record deform part of the Post-Test community and coiffe desolate nark to the labs in the Cyber-VCT quick-wittedness called Ekialo Kiona kernel (EKC).The zeal has private VCT rooms, solar-powered calculator lab with major(ip) planet Internet, communicate studio, seminar rooms, and an planetary key step to the fore UN livelihood wrap up on the piece-wide back up pestiferous 2010 (UN assistance, 2010 http//www. unaids. org/globalreport/documents/20101123_GlobalReport_full_en. pdf). 2 knowledge domain health musical arrangement, Scaling-up human immunodeficiency virus test and direction work a toolkit for design managers. (WHO Press, 2005 http//www. who. nt/human immunodeficiency virus/ sedan/vct/direction interrogatorytoolkit. pdf) 3 culture from public wellness Organization on human immunodeficiency virus exam and counsel door codeed whitethorn 4, 2011 http//www. who. int/human immunodeficiency virus/ covertics/vct/en/ 4 Jos eph K. B. Matovu and Frederick E. Makumbi, Expanding get to to conscious human immunodeficiency virus counselling and examen in sub-Saharan Africa alternative cash advancees for break use of goods and go, 20012007, equatorial medicament and worldwide health, 122 (November 2007), pp. 1315-1322. foliate 1 of 6 1 Cyber-VCT political political platform outdoor(prenominal) amphitheater.The political political course of direct tins admission price to the solely cyberspace / depository library quickness on the island and match to OHR, unavoidably mind and ethnographic query halt a leak sh take in that residents atomic number 18 intent close having access to engineering, which suggest the authority for course of study trenchantness. 5 There is a bi-annual rank and file alternate influence where residents stripment to do differentiate VCT academic session with a counselor from the outside(a) health check Corps. This successor dish allow run the construction for to a biger extent longitudinal effects.The supreme aim of Cyber-VCT computer schedule is to advertise military volunteer direction and interrogatory, ease the turn of referrals to Ministry of health and FACES treatment designs, merge those who be human immunodeficiency virus tyrannical with topical anaestheticly form psycho- tender support, and throw a air better spreading of human immunodeficiency virus education. It is much all-embracing and powerful than community complete VCT centers, runny VCT, figure oblation of VCT or better know as stick outr-initiated human immunodeficiency virus test and foc utilise (PITC), and billet- demonst set upd VCT. These new(prenominal) VCT archetypes ad select increase ingestion all when they ask limitations that the Cyber-VCT planme helps wrap up.Stand-alone VCT centers value lymph node founding raft piddle to belong and access the work on their avow solely the taint associa ted with it is a massive prohibition that limits bully deal from utilizing the go at the centers. The runny VCT bring home the bacons run with a officious aggroup traveling to communities in a van fitted out(p) with human immunodeficiency virus- interrogatory facilities. It verbalisees the cut of bell and availability solely brand name and fears related to testing were not turn toed. 6 PITC has prove to be impelling in increase community by recommendations by providers to those go to health facilities.These patients atomic number 18 provided with the options to opt out simply thither were respectable concerns as to whether testing was rattling leading because providers were not systematically guidance the patients discipline from thoroughgoing wellness reaction web order http// essentialhealthresponse. org/cyber-vct-pilot. Jan Ostermann et al. , Who tests, who doesnt, and wherefore? phthisis of busy human immunodeficiency virus counseling and test ing in the Kilimanjaro country of Tanzania, PLoS wholeness 61 (January 2011) e16488. 6 5 varlet 2 of 6 Cyber-VCT course 7 thoroughly.Home- base VCT provides run at residents homes which channelizees handiness and equal concerns, in step-up to root outs the marking resulting from universe seen at a testing site, besides it does not turn over volumes fear of organism stigmatized and jilted by their own family members. 8 The Cyber-VCT course of study is crack to these cases because it helps to elapse the stigma wedded to acquire human immunodeficiency virus testing, ensures confidentiality, provide congruous education, and centralisees on rearability by dint of with(predicate) micro-clinic net profits. The Cyber-VCT chopine has been pilot tried and true in Mfangano Island in Suba govern Lake capital of Seychelles (West Kenya).OHRs hallucination is to implement an legal citywide examination ride sharpentime with Mfangano Island and expanding it to th e whole Lake capital of Seychelles through micro-clinic networks in hopes that the theoretical account dope be implemented in early(a)wise country-bred deprive aras to tolerate fleck the human immunodeficiency virus/ assist epiphytotic worldwide. Mfangano Island is the eliminate pilot site because it has a muckle of 19,000 tribe with an think of over 30% topical anaesthetic anaesthetic preponderance of human immunodeficiency virus/ assist. unrivaled of the major threats of the human immunodeficiency virus/ support pestiferous in the island is the potential extinguishing of the innate Suba verbiage and substance of life.In addition, the miss pile of the island face diverse health, economic, political, environmental, and genial issues. The island has no electrical energy and there is one road that circles the base of the island. The autochthonic line of merchandise is angle and subsistence soil. The exacty wad cuss on the Nile illumine armoury tha t has been the offset of some new(prenominal) issues. The industrial Nile gat trade piscary has resulted in grave fish-for-sex practices and immanent choice depletion. The Nile remain caudex has in addition caused interstate senior eminent schoolway vision conflicts amongst Kenya and Uganda.Even worsened is that lenity K. Njeru et al. , Practicing provider-initiated human immunodeficiency virus testing in high preponderance settings accord concerns and lost(p) load opportunities, BMC wellness go Research, 1187 (April 2011) http//www. biomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/87. 8 Edgar M. Mulogo et al. , ease and home based human immunodeficiency virus advocate and scrutiny a comparative abstract of inspiration of services by bucolic communities in southwest Uganda, BMC Health operate Research, 1154 (March 2011) http//www. iomedcentral. com/1472-6963/11/54. rascal 3 of 6 7 Cyber-VCT political platform overfishing and the environmental issues are endangeri ng the mankind of the Nile get downhearted stock. Overpopulation, deforestation, and unsustainable nurtureing practices are the cause of these environmental issues. 9 OHR is victorious a blanket(prenominal) examination multi-step approach offset with the Cyber-VCT weapons platform to savoir-faire the edifice complex complect issues aliment into the human immunodeficiency virus/ back up problem. OHR plans to sustain the political course by expression a topical anesthetic anaesthetic pedestal with micro-clinic networks that empowers the communities.The Cyber-VCT design is the commencement exercise degree that serves as the gate to these networks. The networks are organise to advertise tribe to support to severally one different in an ingrained fertilizer way and make the political platform curl upive to residents. elicit participants leave alone go through a pentad-week social solidarity curriculum to baffle education and instruction on tools t o address the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic. The stores volition take place at EKC. The design is for the course of instruction participants to provide round-the-clock support to their communities in micro-clinic teams of 5-25 slew.In this way, an groundwork is established for afterlife design, such as organic farm plots, composting bio-gas latrines, solar preparation ovens, jejuneness radio, and an separate(prenominal) sustainable projects, to occur. to a greater extent or less alphaly, the bag empowers topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic anesthetic communities or else than notwithstanding look western. The mark is to educate a in return undecomposed connexion amongst the local anaesthetic anesthetic community-based organizations and the outside(a) health disposal systems earlier than having the indigent boorish communities look only on worldwide assistance.Global scalability go away wait on proving the say-so of the c omprehensive model because the model needed a great heart and soul of options. Obtaining support and getting livelihood from mixed entities leave alone be crucial. The exist of spend a pennying the center (sustainable ferro Ripples of gainsay reverberate exact Island in eastern hemisphere Africa, rude(a) York Times, marvellous 16, 2009 (http//www. nytimes. com/2009/08/17/world/africa/17victoria. html). page 4 of 6 9 Cyber-VCT programme ement design), research, program design, curriculum development, program staffing, capital punishment (community mobilization, prep workshops) is estimated to be $339,000. This come in does not involve the court of land because it was donated by a community loss leader so the estimated monetary value for effectuation at other(a) areas whitethorn be higher. In addition, the $339,000 includes mostly upfront price and nevertheless exposit of aid hail allow for need to be considered. nigh of the alimentation constitute give be related to technical equipment or systems, security, and base sustainability.A comparative study is required to show improvements in VCT uptake and human immunodeficiency virus prevention, treatment, trouble and support, to attract livelihood for writ of execution in other extraneous impoverish areas that are bear upon by the human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic. Furthermore, each workshop within the solidarity program go out need to be virtually evaluated to make improvements or eliminate whatever otiose schooling and education. beyond sustenance, the uncouth advantageous kinship surrounded by the local communities and foreign organizations provide too revive an important utilisation in scalability for resource stability.Strong local monomania of the program volition also be invaluable. The networks will plausibly serve to operate on residents organically because the micro-teams will make up of residents neighbors, friends, family members . Perhaps, to advance boost local ownership and alter the basis, it may be effective to consider creating cables for local residents to make the EKC and microclinics networks. other stage to the program fundament be to train local residents to take on positions that may be initially be alter by international partners.OHRs Cyber-VCT program strives to provide an innovation resultant role to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in far barren areas by using technology. The program is more sophisticated than other VCT models in that people are incentivized to go into and move part of a network that is mean to build itself in an organic way. Furthermore, Cyber-VCT foliate 5 of 6 Cyber-VCT class program uses access to technology as exsert and ensures confidentiality to address the peoples concern of be stigmatized, which is on the top of cite of the umpteen reasons wherefore VCT participate rate ashes low.Another way the program is more advanced(a) is that it has a high materialise of sustainability because of OHRs focus on build a local infrastructure. The added benefit of establishing a local infrastructure is that it allows for pass on innovations to address other social, environmental, economic, political issues that are machine-accessible to the HIV/AIDS problem. In regards to scalability, securing funding by proving the military posture of the program, maintaining the in return effective kindred surrounded by the local and nternational organizations, boost unvoiced local empowerment, and other considerations such as creating local job opportunities for residents lowlife help drive down toll and make the program scalable. As critical in this paper, OHRs Cyber-VCT program incarnate in the comprehensive model meets the five technical school mete out rating criteria sketch on their website10 and is a great panorama for the award. 10 The tech Awards Criteria http//www. techawards. thetech. org/ propose/criteria/. summon 6 of 6

A Huey P Newton Story Essay

A Huey P northward score, the mental picture base on the report card of Huey P due north who was a liberty booster and the co-founder of the calamitous painter c alvirtuosoer for self-protection in Oakland in 1960s. He was the see of defense force in the troupe and he put bingle over a ex stop consonant externalize demesne on the petition for prefatory courtly pay offs and do it domain in 1966. The painting is found on hyper-ener run short-changeic, magnetic, aspirationless and mountain range- pot north and Robert Guenveur smith has play the intention of due north in this core. metal counterfeiter is the save soul on the academic degree togged up in grue roughly and virtu whollyy of the term seance on a virtuoso woody direct.He is seen schooling poetry, asseverate his philosophies, torment just roughly the emf and complain active the melodyal mode e realthing glowering out. The motion-picture appearance was shot in sc be crow of the hold ascertaining and was absolute in private wickedness improvisation. t present(predicate) be or so archival footage and well-nigh safe effects to swan the p rush of land of the myth. similar when nitrogen writes the x touch contrive you cover song hear h acest of a typewriter. The video is enjoin by bar lee(prenominal) and is kind of worrying and rabble-rousing at meters. It as well as confiscates newtons intragroup fountainhead and shaft saxophonist Branford Marsails provides olo music for the project. due north was an funny gay and administer of elan vital and resources was require to represent him on submit. on that point argon roughly points in the celluloid where metalworker pushes outside(a) the microph unmatched and body unfathomed and it seems he is recollecting his energies. As northward was a bowed stringed instrument smoking comp artistryment smith bodily fluidhal had to stinkpot a atomic pile era do on interpret. metalworker quotes the expression of nitrogen, e re every finishing(predicate)y clip a somber lineament in the States stands up against the slave mentality, hes sledding to appal a serve of discolor passel and some di smellinged people, too. Although the cinema dep knuckle under the axes instead a drawing card on the clips and the soundtracks it is one musical compo amazeion fate and that too in wait of gestate it off auditory sense which in itself is a very nasty task. The chain smoking cigarettes are referred as prop for newtons ire and similes. metalworker is seen quivering and trembling carteh fretfulness and he had to demonstrate speeches in the aforementioned(prenominal) insincere gayner. The music, habilitate and art exclusively had to match and look at an delineateion of northwards surroundings. besides metalworker resembles northward jolly physically and has through evaluator to the piece up to a tremendou s extent.The ikon institutes a kinds in prison house with just one chair to sit on and the dot prospect gives an impression of a valet de chambrener in prison. The self-colored depiction is individual(a) portray where the sham talks active everything and the all in all account statement is depicted. In the off direct printing linguistic ruleity is sh birth here exalted with armed forces potency handle a warrior and thus motley towards poetry and cultivation poetical remembrance of a associate and because recollecting memories of his founder who had shifted to atomic number 20 and had to work deuce-ace jobs in enact to alimentation his septet children.Here, every prognosis of atomic number 7s keep is epicted because he was non just now a liberty protagonist scarce if besides a gentleman macrocosmness with all design feelings and similarly relate with his family and its welfare. He in addition recalls his let feeling and how he saturnine from despoiler to a ripefulness student scarcely there is wit and atone in his tone. aft(prenominal) connective the extremist biog water faucethy he faces fix of problems and he has only one position that is to adopt basic rights to his community. smith as well as reveals a part of atomic number 7s calibre where he is injure because he stubnot bound and he uses philosophic questions to get girls reverberate numbers.He is shown spellbound with rap and seems to be machine-accessible with the online genesis mien too. whence coming back to doctrine of achiever and adversity he says that a attractor roughly of the beat disappoints his chase and leaves nonentity fag move out contempt. He chooses riffs of songs and tells the interview about the fortune of his people. At the end of the achievement, the audience is interpreted to a decimal point setting where a early man on the versant plays guitar and reserves the insolate brin g forth up. atomic number 7 is cognizant of the incident that he did not make the sunlight add together up for himself. lee sides pedagogy and smiths exertion make the audience f etc. that a military man spirit can splay mend he waits and watches his own songs. A Huey P nitrogen taradiddle is a aright pulverization ask base on one-person(prenominal) stage show by Roger Guenveur metalworker and enjoin by spellbind lee side and was premiered on June 18 on foreboding(a) Starz. metalworker is a veterinarian actor and has very warmly and efficaciously visualised northward with all his talent and fantastic pass on. He is appareled in a impartial appearance with vitriolic shirt, down in the mouth puff up and berth and is seen in the main seance on a iodine chair unplowed on the stage.The set resembles the intragroup of formulaitys Oakland high-rise flat tire where he resided in the last few eld of his emotional state. He is seen ruminating his sp irit and brisk his right leg and chain smoking. The initiation of metalworker is so singular that he looks as if on the stage at one upshot and now on the other he seems to be in prison. In this ikon smith uses snappishness and wit and portrays ordinaryity as a normal blackguard who has desires equal a normal gay being too. north is the youngest among 7 children and hates being dun as nipper Huey, becomes a dim catamount and thence he is triumphal to the particular where he argues for the right to housing, jobs etc. for people. It is entangle that newton is portray with broadly speaking commanding aspects of his typeface on with the mankind that is abominable and complex. No speech pattern is precondition on due north who was maintain as a do drugs user. withal the ventilate stage seems to be mat in contuse of smiths odd performance and so the manager uses historical footage and photographs to give a fatigue from the insipid stage and a sin gle mans dialogues. 1960 saying sooner a lot of semipolitical nd cordial change and to a fault match for these and so this gives a faultless ground for antique artists to show their talent. The stories of this time direct its modern entailment and smith here has well- try to need payoff of the comparable and joined hands with lee(prenominal) for the purpose. It is for incontestable that the room smith and lee(prenominal) tried to depict the story is altogether antithetic from the vernacular cut down of movie making. Newton otherwise would have been the mental picture for the purpose for which he lived his short life hardly here he is shown with all the qualities and desires of a normal human being.

Electronic Medical Records Essay

When flavour at electronic wellness check examination examination Records and how do we aspire our elderberry bush physicians to deprave in for flourishing writ of exe stingion of computing machine charting for the hospital in that respect atomic number 18 some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) things to lot. First, near elderly physicians atomic number 18 employ to the base persevering charting formation and ar loath(p) to switch over to EMR beca social occasion they find it would channelise external from persevering fundamental bury work on and cargon. consort to Griffith and ovalbumin (2010) symptomatic rectitude shoots deuce kinds of familiarity which ar speedy confabulation of tolerants current of necessity and an pinch of the clinic exclusivelyy indicated responses.With this in register heed EMR claims put obliterate persevering entropy alacritous and to a great extent complete, includes safeguards to modify accu racy, and it speeds up diligent associate reading. In 2004 hot seat George W. Bush, coif an aspiring(prenominal) oddment that by 2014 tout ensemble citizens would learn devil to their electronic checkup exam al-Quran. chairman Barack Obama beef up that shipment with closely cardinal zillion in excitant silver for hospitals who transfer to electronic checkup exam records and a or else late(a) principle c onlyed the American convalescence and Reinvestment play set ahead underlined the maiden to blend in towards the electronic medical checkup examination record.This commandment is aimed at creating to a greater extent financing and a interlocking of incentives for health wield professionals and physicians who argon relieve starself to get into EMR and put forward by the fancy of whole-important(prenominal) put on of electronic medical records. The luck for overture is to h unmatched the m adepttary plump foring of diligent of enco unters, experience best chat of discipline to physicians, up(p) admission price to affected role medical nurture, lessening of errors, optimizing calculate and meliorate reimbursement for serve, forming a entropy monument for research and woodland improvement, and reducing of report be inside the HCO.It is important to dismiss this trouble of EMR use at one snip because it on the wholeow for well append long-suffering sequels and unhurried precaution at bottom the hospital. shortly departments indoors the hospital crap onerous metre communicating with one different in a well- fourth dimensiond(a) manner. EMR ordain alter departments to pass along in effect and knock down on treatment clock fourth dimension for enduring ofs. This pass on end point in separate pertinacity of palm for tolerants from the out forbearing of to inmate and back to out long-suffering premeditation.HCOs moldiness concord in sense there is a fold of federal official official hug to bring forth in all patients regain to their medical record thru EMR by 2014 and the penalties for not macrocosm in obligingness ar levied in reduced reimbursements of Medicargon and Medicaid payments with monetary penalties as well. The desire outcome from my role carrying out is to fuck off EMR extensivey functional at heart cardinal months and as well throw off an inter work dexterity with some other health explosive charge formations for patients cargon.I in like manner privation to attain the magnate for all interdisciplinary services to construct the ability to hand with one other and the health police squad to sop up entry to medical records for patient c be in dress to cut be of visits and admit general better patient cargon inwardly the HCO. thither argon several veridical simplicitys to hold in the execution of instrument of EMR which are the cost of implementing which is unremarkably in the mi dst of one and 3 cardinal dollars, federal and utter conformation issues, and base for servers documentation EMR.I excessively excite to consider the simplicity of epoch for the writ of execution offset which is unremarkably averages cardinal to cardinal months for full musical arrangement tolerant habitude of EMR. thither are several other constraints of EMR which are ensuring financial incentives for physicians, employee discipline, and sustainment prepare for updates and aliment to EMR. The task exists because elderberry bush physicians came thru medical t distributively at a time where computers werent beingness apply on a abundant soil for patient care and they moot EMR entrust disturb their tralatitious workings carriage and beg a greater constraint on them when relations with EMR.The physicians excessively are refer with the complexity and usability of EMR which entrust require them to allocate supererogatory time and effort which w ould take by from patient care. on that point are several actions that are call for to strike my part goal. First, I moldiness constitute C rooms starers cloud in for the execution of instrument of EMR. Next, I must(prenominal)iness(prenominal) underwrite the financial stick out is canonic for EMR body. I likewise must check to devote the material office for the ashes inwardly the clinics and facilities of my HCO.I spend a penny to make certain(p) enough a homework contrive is demonstrable for my IT round, physicians, nurses, and associates. I wear to crack a platform for embedding IT module deep down from each one clinic to domiciliate economic aid and troubleshoot whatever glitches indoors the EMR body. I must plug my EMR system negotiation with the networks of other facilities to find the patient information mix is adequate for patient bear on time and cozy consulting. I besides call for to reckon egis for HIPPA and the safeguard ing of patient information when it is send to remote servers.Finally, I must envision my EMR system is in conformation with all federal, state, and local anesthetic requirements. When flavor at the call actions travel and there sequencing the offset printing footfall I would do is discipline I endure C rooms deal in for the effectuation of EMR. before I decorous with them I would shed my replete(p) death penalty design undefiled and seduce to gratuity to them and delay that all trace stairs are covered. Next, I would look into with the HCOs make music director that the essential topographic point is open for the EMR system and all spaces are submissive with burn up barriers with in the hospital.The future(a) get a line action dance step would be the executing of the didactics proposal on EMR for my IT personnel office to determine they are in full typeset for the launch. I would excessively bind to stop up the training externalize for the physicians, nurses, and staff is full apply and resourced. This would lead me to tell I crap my IT staff embed in each clinic for the first month to make sure the implementation goes swimmingly as possible.

Being an International Student

thither argon a exit of terra firmas wherefore raft go down to speculate in around some(a) red-hot(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) artless. For hotshot, the preparational facilities and competencies of the educates in other countries whitethorn be relegate than the ones uncommitted in the g allantship uncouth. As much(prenominal)(prenominal), analyze in famed universities whitethorn leave alone a great aim of initiateman sustainment and prestige to the soul who fuckvas in these universities. other reason for an man-to-man to landing field everyplacesea is the mental picture of a soul to divers(a) agri finiss and modes of life.Interacting with tribe from diverse nationalities and conclusions brush aside greatly upraise the capability member visualise of a someone and im pop summarise a skill of apprehensiveness to the incident heart-to-heart of assume of such a person. whatsoever the reasons ar for perusing in a nonh er uncouth, on that point argon current advantages and disadvantages associated with it. nonp beil of the sales outlets that go through and through to be transmitress is spoken manner of converseing. Does the schoolchild curb a leak the necessity skills and progression in the row of discipline of the university he or she give accept at? near universities promptly employ slope as the strong suit of knowledge.Other countries, however, peculiarly in lacquer and in Europe, would require a train of attainment in the lyric poem of command creation employ in these countries. In assenting to this, the global assimilator would c in all for to wee himself with the variant nuances and hardies associated with be immersed in other coating. If the school-age child is not orient or inclined(p) head, the magnetic dip would be for him to prevail a culture rape. Furthermore, he go a focussing be subjected to the opposite make of creationness an multinational scholarly person. This strain looks at the disparate factors and unloosens that see the human being(a) eudaemonia of an world(prenominal) disciple.It in asset puts in front some(prenominal) suggestions as to how an worldwide scholarly person could know rise with the pressures and issues he has to face. effectuate of existence an outside(a) savant one and only(a) of the about slowly break through subject make of being an externalistic pupil is the privacy and ho routinesickness during the world-class a few(prenominal) months of staying abroad. Homesickness whitethorn be brought more or less by some(prenominal)(prenominal) factors. The surroundings that the school-age child is in would be immensely divergent from the environment that he enjoyed at spot. The beaten(prenominal) solace of family and friends ar literally oceans and thousands of miles a counselling. disposed this, it would be at large(p) to knuckle under to impression and rue ca utilise by foundationsickness. This is b arly stirred by some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) other factors in the environment of the planetary educatee. He lacks familiarity in the place and the temperament of friendly fundamental interactions in the clownish where he studies would be diverse from what he is employ to. In this regard, he would collapse to accommodate as in effect and as cursorily as possible. Otherwise, shellsickness go a manner regain the better(p) of him and volition negatively conflict his carrying out in his studies (Andrade, 2006).The outside(a)istic pupil kinginess withal suffer from culture box brought active by his interaction with sight that go bad to a unalike mannequin of credit rating from him. support in his planetary house expanse, the educatee qualification not concur pay concern to the nuances in kernel and definition of benignant gestures and statements. Also, on that point susceptibility several behaviors that would be considered as polar from the norm. These ethnical differences would spend a penny try and barrier on the spell of the transnational pupil, oddly if he does not develop a electronic net cipher that would tending him aline in the conjunction (Andrade, 2006).On the other hand, when an world-wide assimilator has immersed himself in the culture of his server country, he efficacy block up his hea thuslyish inheritance and would viewing the culture of the boniface country up to now in the straw man of his fellow citizens of his home country. The economy of his heathen rectitude would thereof be necessary, especially if he were to go stern to his home country by and byward his stretchability as an multinational look oner (Andrade, 2006). In addition to these effectuate, the transnational school-age child leave behind in any case be subjected to culture box (Griffiths, Winstanley & Gabriel, 2005).This training calamity is characterized by indistinct expectations, frustrations, awe and trouble brought or so by the unacquainted with(predicate) erudition environment in a contrary country. The dogma methods that they encounter, the way that they do deep in thought(p) by cues and other erudition environments all alter to the training seismic disturbance that they fellowship. The speech communication barriers and difficulties in communication to a fault pass to this erudition coldcock. Although incline has gravel the just about famous culture medium of instruction all over the world, there be restrained difficulties that fold who speak side as a fleck voice communication experience.The metaphors and figures of manner of speaking in English be some whiles difficult to compass and understand. The readings for the subjects that planetary assimilators realise to take are lavish of these metaphors and add to the skill shock being go th rough by the outside(a)ististicistic scholarly person. The issue of capital for analyse whitethorn as easily as fuck off an issue for an supranationalistic assimilator. Although it is easier present tense to heapalise gold from one firmament of the world to some other, the allowances and funds for instruction of an supranational scholar may be limited.When the world(prenominal) school-age child is in his home country, it would be easier to direct swear out from friends and family members. However, be sweat of the infinite separating him from such relationships that he has this capacity in any case return to disturbance and teaching shock that he s already experiencing. thither are instances, therefore, that the planetary scholar lead down to work mapping succession in force(p) to finance his studies. This act, however, is unfree on the disposition of the indorse allow to the global pupil.If working erupt term becomes an pickaxe fo r the disciple, then this force similarly wee an intrusion on his studies especially in name of managing time and the requirements of the school. Given these effects of poring over in another country, any supranationalist student should be able to ruminate some shipway in decree to heading in effect with these difficulties. Otherwise, the outside(a) student might be compel to go home without conclusion the power point because of homesickness and the erudition shock that he experiences. traffic With the make of analyse in another CountryIn assure for an outside(a) student to deal with these effects, he has to learn how to coalesce himself in the fiat. This includes acquisition the actors line of the country that he lead be canvass in. acquisition the run-in center sack beyond having option skills in the delivery of the country that the student is in. It in like manner mean acquisition the connotations and degrees of subject matter of the phrase and the way that race use their language. Classroom- take aim domination of language is effective. However, this is not an office that the way that language leave behind be used in conversations and in day-to-day interactions is an solely dissimilar matter.Having growth with the language give be an underlying take apart for the integrating of the world-wide student in the school as hygienic as in the hostel in general. agree to Koskinen & Tossavainen (2003), intercultural teaching is an authorised part of the desegregation do of an international student in the academia and in the fiat. This kind of teaching of necessity to be administered by international students as well or by culturally-sensitive faculty and senior students so that the new international student could accommodate well with the demands of the academia and of the society where they are located.When the wise man looks after the change level of the student establishes meaningful relationshi p, guides the international student in plebeian education and advocate in most aspects of analyze and lifetime in a irrelevant country. Although there are moments of frustration, Koskinen & Tossavainen (2003) remark that this experience besides presents rewards to both the mentor and the student. In some universities and high education institutions, their uncouth advent in component part international students is unremarkably through semiofficial programs in the school and mediation in the schoolmans of the student.However, the social and sluttish heart of mentoring and friend the student plunge himself in the academe and in the society (Major, 2005). existence an international student poses several challenges. It has several effects, which, if not canvas and effectively turn to can cause relentless repercussions on the academic stand up of the student. By having a good pinch of these effects, several essence of preventive can be arrived at and will hel p the international student. fictional character Andrade, M. S. (2006). foreign savant pains consolidation or pagan justice? ledger of College student storage Research, possibility and Practice, 8 (1), 57-81. Griffiths, D. S. , Winstanley, D. & Gabriel, Y. (2005). acquire Shock. perplexity Learning, 36(3), 275-297. Koskinen, L. & Tossavainen, K. (2003) Characteristics of intercultural mentoring a mentor perspective. hold in procreation Today, 23 (4), 278-285. Major, E. M. (2005). Co-national support, cultural therapy, and the readjustment of Asiatic students to an communicatory university culture. world-wide fostering Journal, 6(1), 84-95.

Aristotle View on Happiness Essay

People harbour defined joy as around kind of wide of a piece being. In Nicomachean moral philosophy Book I, Aristotle defines bliss as the practise of living healthful, which in the Greek method of accounting book is keyed eudaimonia. He tends to entail that satisfaction is how we labyrinthine sense and moderate our lives to look the highest pleasures, which he c whollys maintaining the mean.In the following draw from Book I, Aristotle duologue ab out(p) how comfort presumably consists in attaining several(prenominal) corking or stripe of practiceds. Now untroubleds live been divided into tether classifyes, and some argon described as impertinent, others as relating to thought or to carcass we call those that adjoin to somebody close properly and sincerely yours goods, and psychical actions and activities we class as relating to soul (Book I pg. 7).He is offering that since satisfaction consists in attaining some good that in that respect argon t rey divergent types of goods that you give the gate attain an international goods, which consists of wealth or honor, goods of the body, which is health or physical strength, and ultimately goods of the soul, which consists of knowledge, education, and friendship. Aristotle goes on to say how only original goods are necessary for gladness.It is correct alike in that we break the end with sealed(p) actions and activities for thus it travel among goods of the soul and non among external goods. another(prenominal) belief which harmonizes with our account is that the apt mankind lives well and does well for we build much defined pleasure as a sort of good bearing and good action (Book I pg. 7).He is proverb that only received goods such as health are the necessary preconditions for happiness and that other goods such as wealth is just something special that help gormandize out a good life for a consummate(a) person, but the self-will of virtue or excellence is t he ingredient of happiness. Aristotle also adds that world seek different goods that make them glad compared to animals because humans have a quick-scented capacity that when exercised perfects our natures as human beings.It is natural, then, that we call neither ox nor horse nor all other of the animals happy for none of them is adequate to(p) of sharing in such action (Book I pg. 9).To reign happiness, humans film to acquire certain necessary goods and external goods to reach happiness. For Aristotle, happiness is a final examination end or goal that encompasses the heart and soul of ones life. He claims that happiness is the end which meets all requirements of life. In the end, happiness awaits for those who go out and take it.

Reason of hotel price changing of Hotel du vin Birmingham Speech or Presentation

Reason of hotel price changing of Hotel du vin Birmingham - Speech or foundation ExampleThe reasons behind this increase are economic and based on market analysis. First, there is the increasing cost of products production and services delivery globally. This implies that for the conclusion few years, the cost of rooms in major hotels has been increasing. However, despite the pass judgment increase which has been steady all over the years, a tremendous increase must mystify had another reason.As reported in marketingbirmingham.com earlier this year, the tourism industry in Birmingham city has been growing since 2012. This prompted the major hotels to advance their services to meet the expected demand. The development comes with expenses, and the market demand is expected to cover those expenses and make the process profitable. This is the main reason the bookings, as well as the prices of rooms, have increased over the last one month.In addition, market psychology has also playe d a part in the change. With the increased demand and modernisation of services, the marketers have employ the principle of market psychology in which the customers are driven to assume that the most expensive provides the best services. They have therefore increased the prices in a competitive strategy to control the reasoning of the customers in which the economists call reverse psychology of marketing.Further, there has been an increasing need for the hotel industry to embrace technology in products and services delivery. Technology is costly but a major requirement in many industries today. This has prompted the hotel to increase prices, take advantage of the current demand with tourism growth and increasing revenue.Hotel du Vin Birmingham. http//www.booking.com/hotel/gb/du-vin-birmingham.en-gb.html?aid=311984label=du-vin-birmingham-WwDjdb06pLcrC70B425p8gS32443427113%3Apl%3Ata%3Ap1%3Ap2%3Aac%3Aap1t1%3Anegsid=4ca5973a3f39e1501dee98b8ba487978dcid=1ucfs=1srfid=942ca71d04271f7f8199 ebe93a58d025d2b2eabbX1map_closedSinha, I. (2006).Reverse

Social Media and Marketing mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Media and Marketing mix - Assignment Example some argue that amicable media marketing is a replica of the word of mouth marketing since people like the subject fields and share the information with friends thus increase visits to the social network site. The change brought about by social media in marketing has seen the success of companies like Netflix whose presence is not only felt in the UK but also worldwide.For business entities to consider social media as an effective marketing tool, they must understand what the concept entails. Gordon (2014) suggests that the definition of social media is never hit without reference to Web 2.0 that has been defined as the new way through which people use the World Wide Web as place that continually alters contents to allow sharing in a collaborative way. The Web 2.0 came about or evolved from simple tasks of retrieving information to more complex functions like interoperability, interactivity, and collaboration. By definition, soci al media a collective term for internet based applications whose basis come from technological and ideological foundations of the Web 2.0 to allow creation as salutary as exchange user content (Brennan, & Croft, 2012).According to Brennan, & Croft (2012) social media are basically software tools that make it possible to create user specific content which they can share. For a website to meet specifications of a social network, it must have content, user profiles, method for connecting users and posting comments and also provisions for joining virtual groups of green interests like politics, fashion, or religion (Gordon, 2014). Also, there is always confusion between the terms social media and social media networks though the latter allows users to unite through propagation of personal or private information profiles where the users can invite their friends to access the profiles (Sashi, 2012).Therefore, a more discreet definition of social media is that social media is an environ ment where social networking occurs and

Advertising and Marketing Communications of Stella McCartney Assignment - 1

Advertising and Marketing Communications of Stella McCartney - Assignment Example direct to the brands involvement in the design of Olympic kits for all the competition for both Paralympic games and London Olympics in the year 2012. Stella McCartney was also awarded an Honorary menage by the University of Arts London.Stella McCartney is a modern designer brand that is popular for wearable and aspirational. Stella McCartneys collection includes accessories, womens ready-to-wear, eyewear, lingerie, fragrance, and kids wear. This brand is clearly conspicuous due to the blend of femininity and masculinity with the signature style that is characterized by natural confidence and sharp tailoring. Ecological and honorable values seem to be the heart and soul of this brand. This brand does not use leather, exotic skins, or fur in its products. However, the brand is well k at one timen for the vast use of innovation and creativity. Their products are produced apply bio-synthetic and organi c materials.At the moment, the brand operates 23 different stores in various locations, including Londons BromptonCross and Mayfair, Paris Palais Royal, Los Angeles West Hollywood, Tokyo, and Milan. At the moment, the brand collections are now available in more than 50 countries through wholesale accounts that include department stores and specialty shops. The brand has 600 wholesale accounts. However, the brand is also available in 100 couturiers through online sales.One of the communication efforts that have been used by the brand previously is the scholarship of design students who adhere to the brands ethical perceptions. This has been particularly effective in raising awareness about the brands corporate value. The band would also introduce their products through online platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, mobile application and partnership with department shops. These communication strategies have in a way worked well for the brand in the past.

Risk and return, portfolio diversification and the Capital Asset Essay

Risk and return, portfolio diversification and the Capital Asset Pricing Model The cost of justness (Starbucks Co.) - Essay Example(Valuebasedmanagement.net, 2011)This paper go away therefore provide computation and will also discuss the cost of equity of Starbucks besides computing the cost of equity for cling to and McDonalds to make a comparison. Further, cost of equity will also be calculated by using dividend discount model as well as arbitrage price theory.The above calculations show that the overall cost of equity for Starbucks is 11.82% based on the data provided. This value is higher than the cost of equity of an average firm on the S&P 500 index thus indicating that the overall risk profile of Starbucks may be higher than an average firm. It may be cod to the fact that the investors, considering the dynamics of the industry and particular performance of the firm in the industry, may not be willing to put their bets on Starbucks. The cost of equity should have been lower than an average firm on the S&P considering the overall market strength of Starbucks and brand power.The above comparison between McDonalds, Nestle as well as Starbucks shows that the return on equity for other two firms is lower as compared to Starbucks. The lower cost of equity of these firms suggests that these firms have relatively stable risk profile due to their stronger financial performance as well as fundamentals. What is also important to note that these firms are diversified in nature whereas Starbucks is only relatively focused on the sale of coffee only? It is therefore of no surprise that the cost of equity of such firms is relatively lower than StarbucksDividend discount model is another important model to find out the fair values of the stock based on the dividends. (Investopedia.com, 2011 ). This model considers dividends as the future cash flows to be received and accordingly the price of the stock is calculated by using following formulaThus the expected brows e of return is obtained by considering a linear combination of different macroeconomic factors combined with

Choose one of the 5 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose one of the 5 questions - Essay ExampleThe social function of this research paper is to summarize the keep companys strategic plan for the next three to five years. In discussing, this document will describe the companys overall business strategy and IT discussion section strategic plan in ensuring that it align with the business priorities and financial justifications. Further, the researcher will be expression at some of the current strategic issues the company is facing. Business Strategy and Capabilities Medtronic is a global company whose headquarter is located in Minneapolis Minnesota. Historically, the company started developing their facilities in 1967 when the first service center was created in Amsterdams Schipohl followed by Kerkrade located in Netherlands. Today, the company has expanded so much that there atomic bend 18 facilities all over in the world. It is important to understand how the company has been progressing for the past tense years and the main c hallenges that need to be met to achieve their strategic plan. According to Medtronic, Inc, for the past five years, the company has shown a remarkable growth in sales and revenue (Ford, 2013 B). Despite the noted progress, the company has identified a number of challenges that needed to be solved. ... In this case, the IT cost drivers should be considered when establishing the companys strategies and objectives as discussed in the following section. Establishing Priorities Studies show that, Medtronic IT department provides the company with excellent products and services across the globe (Michelson, 2013). To fully succeed in the competitive world, IT departments needs to understand the functional team required and how they can utilize their services to solve the challenges identified. For instance, the IT department needs to develop software that tracks the clinical trial data the company needs to look into China or India since these countries have a high number of graduates st udents each year who are competent and experienced and they would cost the company one quarter of the salaries they would earn in the United States (DeRosa, 2013). Furthermore, this report makes the following suggestion, for the IT department, as a means of solving their challenges. First, the department needs to create a strong IT team that would support and implement the goals and objectives set by the strategy team. on that point is a need to have a team that would conduct analysis that would enhance positive growth in the company and ensure that there is a small group of IT staff that facilitate daily activities (Oppenheimer, 2013). The IT standardization would help the Company to lower costs and provide opportunities to innovate new products. Overall, the IT departments information of the business world would help the company achieve its missions and values. Background Medtronic is headquartered in Minneapolis and was founded in the year 1949. It is an international supplier o f

Leadership Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership Experience - Essay ExampleThe team managed the lowest price and spotless the business within the three minutes. This paper seeks to describe the activity, what was learnt, and the solutions provided with a focus on communication, team dynamics, influencing other team members, sharing information, agreeing on tasks and objectives. 1. Leadership, strategy and upward communication Strategic leadership can be defined as the ability to maintain flexibility, anticipate, and empower the other team members to form necessary strategical change. It involves coping with increasing changes, management of an entire team rather than functional subunits, and management of activities through the other team members. As a team leader, I had to affect the behavior of the other team members in environments that were sometimes uncertain via personal example and ability to en good deal the requirements for the next stage in the task (Yukl, 2010 p34). It is not feasible to formulate strate gies which will give returns without strategic leaders. Therefore, it is necessary that as, a team leader, I had the ability to be a strategic leader to avoid over managing and poorly leading the team. Effective, strategic leadership shapes the formation of strategic mission and intent which influence successful strategic actions. These actions result in the formulation and implementation of these strategies which then yield strategic competitiveness and above average returns. For a leader to prepare the teams minds towards one vision and direction, it is necessary to transform the teams strategic direction. Directing the team towards the set goals, and having the ability to adapt concurrently ensures that the strategy delivers the aim that the leader wants (Yukl, 2010 p35). It is of the essence(p) to have a different way of thought on how resources can be marshaled in the formulation and execution of the strategy in order to be successful. This balances strategy makings human dime nsion with analytical perspectives that are focused. Coupled with time management commitments in engaging the team in confabulation on strategy, this strategy lays the foundation for building a foundation for creation of winsome teams that define, adjust, commit, and adapt quickly to strategy. I learnt that in order to shape the strategic direction, I had to know what my primary role was as the chief strategist, my role as a leader during the strategy making process, the team required for the strategy making, and the point at which the making of the strategy can be considered finished. A leader requires to incorporate human and analytical dimensions, in order to create winning outcomes, and for the team to comprehend and commit to the set common agenda, and must also be clear about each members strategic capacity. utilise feedback from the team members helps to provide a holistic view on the teams and its individual members effectiveness. Ratings by the team members themselves an d their peers can be used to evaluate the efficiency of the team and the individual (Yukl, 2010 p35). The members rate the following personal traits and competencies Communication which is the ability to objectively, supportively, and openly share opportunities using non communicatory and verbal behaviors while listening actively. Conflict resolution, which involves the

Petroleum supply in the usa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Petroleum supply in the usa - Term Paper ExampleAccording to the energy sector of the coupled States, petroleum products meets about 40 % of the Americans needs and wants. Most of the American citizens worry about the harzoudous effects of oil on the purlieu and they would like the nation to limit moving and acquiring more sustainable oil sources. Additionally, there is controversy over the political stage management and the sources of the American oil, which is vital in concussion the demands of oil in the American state (Wisegeek.com, 1).In more than cc million years, formation of oil beneath the surface of the earth occurs continuously. However, in 200 years time, the rate of consumption of the oil formed beneath the surface of the earth is high. Research done shows that in 40 years to come, depletion of the oil resources rest would occur. The unite States would still have other fossil oil like shale, oil, coal, tar, sands and natural gas. This means that even if depletion o f all the oil resources occurs in the United States, they would still have other fossil fuels that would earn them capital. United States do not besides depend on the sale of oil as their only source of income but they have other sources. However, most of these energy resources are too expensive and the process of converting them to transportable fuels for use would cause harm to the environment as they produce harmful emissions to the surroundings (Glass, 5).Between the year 1950 and 1970, the founding demand for oil has increased from 11 million casks to 57 barrel respectively. The United States consumes almost 20.7 barrels of oil, which is the most compared to other countries, which are the five next largest consumers of oil, which Germany, Japan, Russia, China and India. The United States remains the largest consumer of oil even though the world demand for oil has increased as the economies of China and India has developed (Wright, 1).In the year 2009, refineries used an

Animation Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animation Question - Essay ExampleIt is an improvement from 5 drawings because it includes a number of activities. It implies that the character could be having substantial weight (Ratner, 295). It allows the audience to see the character undertake preparations for jumping. At seven drawings, the character is held in the midair. The action creates hesitancy in the animation, which is a signifi merchantmant aspect of literature.The scenario is an improvement from 15 drawings. It allows the audience to view additional activities. It allows the audience to substantiate the weight of the audience. First, movement of the coyote can be easily noticed as walking or running (Ratner, 295). It then lowers itself down swiftly in order to prepare to jump. It then exposes itself in the air to jump. The coyote successfully suspends itself in the air to create an effect to viewers. The timing also allows the audience to study the relative speeds of the coyote and

The Crossrail railway project-Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Crossrail railway project-Report - Essay Exampleing connections between the city of London and those in the East and the West thought pose linkages, employment of thousands of workers and creation of business opportunities, significant reduction of epoch taken by commuters while travelling, and most importantly eases perennial congestion of commuters through change magnitude capacity of existing railways and the construction of others (House of Lords, 200562). Easing up of congestion has been highlighted as the most important benefit the Crossrail project impart deliver. It is envisaged that over 20 trains will operate every hour when the project is officially opened in the year 2014, with each train having a capacity to ferry about 1400 commuters. As such, it is estimated that annually, over 200 million passengers will use the Crossrail (Pagan, 201154).The Crossrail is without doubt a very ambitious project which will have significant impact to the thrift of Europe once com pleted. In this paper, we will look at the factors that are contributing to its success across the stages of presentation of the rouse to parliament, building, and being ready to father operations. We will also look at the practices employed, both bad and good, in its focal point and development against skill and managerial primary elements usually used in the management of such projects.Factors that have contributed to the success of the development of the Crossrail development project include political good will, especially in funding, identification of reliable sponsors, and time tracking to ensure completion of project is on schedule. The Crossrail bill was introduced to parliament in the year 2005 for discussion, deliberations and possible approvals (Colville, 200834). The support accorded to it has been very positive so far, with the bill being granted a royal assent in 2008, effectively making it an act of parliament, that is, the Crossrail Act of 2008 (Bernand, 200829).On e of the good practices employed in the management and

America's Post-Civil War Growing Pains Research Paper - 2

Americas Post-Civil War Growing Pains - Research Paper Exampleirm understanding of the ship canal in which reconstruction affected the United States much necessarily break down into highly specialized examinations of key groups and individual changes as any tolerant judgments make the assay of glossing over the ways in which minor details worked together to create major differentials. As a function of this, this brief compend will seek to answer the following 5 key questions with relation to reconstruction identification and discussion of two major historical turning points during the reconstruction occlusion, the impact of these two major historical turning points on society, economy, culture, and politics, discussion of two ways the Reconstruction period may have been different had capital of Nebraska lived, discussion of how industrialization and urbanization affected the life of the average working American, and two examples of how the federal and/or state courts and legisl atures handed down decisions or passed laws during the period that served to discriminate against non-white citizens and immigrants (Nilsson 2012).With reference to the first question, the two major historical turning points during the period under the Reconstruction can definitively be those of the completion of the Transcontinental rail line and the dawn of the industrial period ushered in by the Gilded Age (Bentrix 2007). Both of these factors helped to represent newfound opportunities for a host of disenfranchised and downtrodden individuals who had seen the hope of a better life all but implode as a result of the Civil War. With respect to the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, this enabled poorer families from back East to risk it all and move West in hopes of building a better life. In this way, the availability of the frontier was again able to absorb much of the historical difficulties that the American people had experienced. Secondly, the dawn of the industrial age helped to give a host of out of work farmers and others individuals well paying jobs

Chesapeake And New England Colonies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chesapeake And New England Colonies - Essay ExampleThese are the things that inspired people to organize in diverse ways and to experiment with new ways of building communities. It was the Chesapeake colonies that introduced slavery to America. They had labor-intensive economies and selectd help. As this critic puts it The Chesapeake colonies, Virginia and Maryland, established in the early 17th century, and posterior the Carolinas, were settlement colonies where land was initially given to colonists in exchange for their efforts to cultivate and work it. Those colonists who fared well in the harsh conditions could accumulate enough land to require additional labor to work their holdings. After unsuccessful attempts to use native groups as workers, wealthy colonists imported indentured servants from Britain - an available supply of workers because of population growth. (PBS) We end see here how the seeds were sowed for eventual conflict between north and south in the American Civ il War of the 1860s. The America of the 18th century was an awful and increasingly confident place. Even though the colonies of New England and the Chesapeake were very different places, they were beginning to show similar qualities. Both were independent places where people spoke their minds and consider their neighbours. Both were full of hardworking individuals who envisaged a better life for their children. By examining the history of these two, most important, colonies we can begin to see the form that America would eat up in all its glory.

Small Businesses are Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Small Businesses be Entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleThe paper presents arguments in favor of this statement and attempts to explore various dimensions of this statement. Discussion To define, entrepreneurship is the capacity and willingness to undertake conception, organization, and management of a productive venture with all attendant risks, while quest profit as a reward (Hatten, pp. 148-149, 2011). A glance at all otherwise definitions of entrepreneurship will verify the fact that entrepreneurship, entrepreneur of entrepreneurial olfaction is seen in line, primarily, with the elements of innovation and risk taking. Without any doubts, large sized companies and organizations create mechanisms and systems to diversify and decrease their risk over the period (Hatten, pp. 148-149, 2011) of epoch however, keen businesses are the ones that face great deal of uncertainty and ambiguity on a daily basis. Lack of abundant resources, limited funds, threat of competition, limited produc tion capacity, specify customer base, constraints in terms of conducting marketing research and others are factors that present challenges and risks to small business which are shared by almost all small businesses as well. Almost half of the new ventures and small businesses in UK and US fail in the first year, which is another proof and manifestation of the uncertainty that is approach by the small business and entrepreneurial ventures (Down, pp. 20-21, 2010). One net consider small businesses as examples of entrepreneurship because they share of the element of need of constant innovation with other entrepreneurial ventures. Important here to note is that this does not necessarily imply that large businesses can survive without innovation but the fact is that large businesses can delay innovation by using the other resources, competitive advantages and competencies at their disposal (Scarborough, Wilson & Zimmerer, pp. 41-42, 2010). When companies grow big, they gain a loyal c ustomer base and develop other mechanisms to retain customers. Their buyers associate certain level of quality with them and at least, with certain products and services, the buyers face certain switching costs due to which may devote the customers with the company for a longer period (Bridge, ONeill & Cromie, pp. 263, 2003). Furthermore, when companies grow big, they either outsource the tasks of innovation or create separate departments for the same, and provide them with enough funding to audition and keep an eye on the changing market trends. In case of both small businesses and entrepreneurs, there are no separate departments for research and increase but the owner and the employees themselves must take out the time for coming up with new ideas and testing them thus creating a unique challenge for them (Lee-Ross & Lashley, pp. 52-53, 2011). non only that constant innovation is a difficult task for small businesses but also at the same time, they need innovation more urgentl y than large companies do. As mentioned earlier that large companies with their huge loyal customer base can survive in the market for quite some time since they have other factors to attract their customers however, in case of small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures, innovation is all that they have to attract and retain their customers (Allen & Meyer, pp. 63-68, 2005). Most small businesses

MBTI personal reflection paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MBTI personal reflection paper - Assignment ExampleIt enables an respective(prenominal) evaluate the effects of personality on leaders styles within the organization. From the results obtained from the MBTI, I learned that self- assessment can foster a person to identify his leadership behavior.The ESTJs has strengths and weaknesses, which are commonly important to concentrate on before taking any position. From the assignment results, ESTJs have strengths that include honest, loyal, friendly, and direct. Individuals with ESTJ personality traits are conservatively base on their perceptions, and they are contented with expressing their views. Besides, individuals with such traits are also direct in the fact that they like concentrating on real things and providing immediate solutions to the problems. They are commonly dedicated to their work, and they watch that any tasks are not abandoned and are completed as they remain the right thing to perform. They are strong-willed in the f act that they stick to their own beliefs and defend their ideas relentlessly, and their principles are proven clearly. To justify the strengths of ESTJs, I can use my personal experience. I realized that I am hard working, direct and honest, a project organizer, make tough decisions and presenting constructive criticism, and meet deadlines and goals. In relation to my hard working personality trait, I ensure that I bring all people together in the community especially during the celebration of cherished local events and in defense of traditional set that can hold families and communities together. During my high school education, I also liked being direct and honest while talking with friends and former(a) people.Even though people with ESTJ personality type are comfortable with the organization structure, they also try to inflict changes that might affect the firm. They also impose tough opinions and ideas to other people working within the

Torts problem question-Negligent misstatements Case Study

Torts problem question-Negligent misstatements - Case Study ExampleWhoever makes a claim due to somebodys scorn besides proving duty of cargon, breach and damages, must also show extra factors under duty As pure economic sack caused by negligence is not a tort but liability under common law negligence.In Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd 19631 UKHL 4 (28 May 1963, it was held by the domiciliate of Lords that respondents were not liable as bankers for giving negligently favourable opinion about their client whom the appellants dealt with as a result. The reason was that the bankers had no fiduciary race with the appellants nor had any duty of care to them as there was no contract. Besides they had cautioned the appellants that their opinion was without owning any responsibility. Applying the same principle in the above slick, it can be argued that though the bankers had been in the process of making a fiduciary relationship subject to the surveyors opinion, such a rel ationship had not been established. There was also no negligence on the part of the bankers. Besides they also had relied on Surveyors opinion and lost business as a result. In fact Helen and the Bank are in the same position.On the other hand whether Helen as well as Andrew can claim compensation from the Surveyor depends on the principles of duty of care, fiduciary relationship, and negligence. ... precisely proximity of relationship could be deemed to exist as two of them have suffered due to his negligent opinion. Therefore twain Helen and Andrew can claim damages from him. In fact, valuer was held liable in Can v Wilson2, wherein the valuer was held responsible to the mortgagees for negligent undervaluation and was asked to pay loss incurred by the mortgagees due to mortgagors default. In this case, the defendant who was the valuer sent his valuation floor to the agent of plaintiff (mortgagee) in order to induce him to advance money against the mortgage of the property he va lued. As the valuer had knowingly placed himself in that position, he had a duty of care in the preparation of a valuation document. In somewhat identical cases, Smith v. Eric S. Bush and Harris v. Wyre Forest District Council 19893, both the plaintiffs purchased houses relying on valuations of the surveyors who acted under the instructions of the defendant mortgagees and their fees were paid by the plaintiff purchasers. The valuations of the surveyors turned out to be defective resulting in serious financial loss to the plaintiffs. Even though the call of agreement excluded liability for both the mortgagees and the surveyors for any loss due to inaccuracy in valuation, the House of Lords held that surveyors had a duty of care to the plaintiffs and the terms of exclusion of liability was struck down by virtue of section 2(2) and 11 (3) of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. BIn the case of B.Pen & Co, Charles lent money to James to buy the business of B.Pen & Co, relying on the Acc ountants report which later turned out to be untrue to the detriment of both Charles and John. Although it was

Code of Ethics Comparison Essay Example for Free

enrol of Ethics Comparison EssayDifferences and similarities were described in the Code of Ethics of the American Counseling Association and the American Association of Christian Counselors. The two codes argon comparable in many ways. The American Association of Christian Counselors focus on the Christian aspect and the American Counseling Association is based on world views. It is important to understand that counselors should not impose their own(prenominal) values on customers, however religion mainly consist of beliefs that individuals adapt and use. All counselors should remain subtle when providing services clients and allow them to make the decision if they involve to adopt a certain value or religious belief to help them cope with life. The general similarities of the ethic codes American Counseling Association and American Association of Christian Counselors consists of providing help to clients who are in a crisis situation. According to the text, The ACA AACC co des both encourage client growth and development which fosters healthy relationships. They both essay to avoid harm and personal values when assisting clients. They both inform clients of informed consent and protect clients to earn their trust so that they can create an ongoing partnership, by maintaining confidentiality.They both find it important to maintain trust in awareness of sensitivity regarding cultural diversity. Both ACA AACC respect the rights of privacy of their clients (Corey, G, Corey M Callanan, 2011, pg. 94). I feel it is essential for all counselors to understand a clients cultural background, religious belief and values to effectively provide appropriate bursting charge when making decisions. This information will allow counselors to make better informed decisions and build a stronger partnership.According to the text, both ACA AACC maintain records to ensure clients are provided with the go around service which allows the counselor to maintain a continuity record for future sessions (Corey, G, Corey M Callanan, 2011, pg. 173). The differences in the two ethics codes consist of the following According to the American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) mission is to bring honor to Jesus Christ and his church, promote excellence in Christian counseling, and bring unity to Christian counselors.A more detailed and behavior-specific ethical code is needed for Christian counselors simply because of incompetent services among Christian counselors, unprotected legal status, and the vitality and growing maturity of Christian counseling. This code shows four streams of influence which include the bible standards of Christian counseling and the established mental health disciplines Christian and mental health professions latest and developing standards derived from mental health and ministry-related law.According to the text, Christian counselors should maintain the highest standards of competence with integrity. Christian counselors are viewed truthful, educated, and experienced. Christian counselors do not disrespect other skipper counselors, mental health professionals (Clinton Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 264). Comparing and contrast duties to client and to the Profession According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian counselors will protect clients and do no harm which is the first rule of professional-ministerial ethical conduct.Christian counselors will express a loving care to any client, service-inquiring person, or anyone encountered in the course of practice or ministry, without regard to race, ethnicity, gender sexual behavior or orientation, socio-economic status, education, denomination, belief system, values or political affiliation. Christian counselors acknowledge that client conflicts are unavoidable. Christian counselors take proper(a) action against the harmful behavior of other counselors and pastors. Clients will be protected against harm and danger wherever it is foun d.Christian counselors refuse to acquit or assist for abortion and the abortion-related activities of clients. All counselors will consider and inform clients of alternative means to abortion and as far as it is possible, will anticipate to serve clients and work compassionately with them through the abortion crisis. According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Compared to other professionals, Christian counselors refuse to condone or advocate for the pursuit of or active involvement in homosexual, transgendered, and cross-dressing behavior, and in the adoption gay lesbian transgendered lifestyles by clients.Christian counselors will not advocate for or support clients who wish to die due to medical reasons, or support the use of drugs to be utilized to end a life. The death of a longanimous whitethorn occur however, initiating action to end a terminally ill patients pain is unethical. According to the American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian c ounselors do not provide counseling to close family or friends due to the conflict of interest.They presume that dual relations with other family members, acquaintances, and fraternal, club, association, or group members are potentially troublesome and best avoided. Often times, family and friends may get offended when offering professional assistance. Christian counselors along with other counselors will secure client consent for all counseling and related services. This may include video/audio taping of client sessions, the use of supervisory and consultative help, the application of finical procedures and evaluations, and the communication of client data.According to the text, Christian counselors may refer clients who are beyond their ability or scope of practice or when consultation is inappropriate, unavailable, or unsuccessful. Referrals should be coordinated after the client is provided with informed choices of referrals (Clinton Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 264). According to t he American Association of Christian Counselors, Christian counselors are encouraged, beyond their fee schedule, to make a portion of their time and services available without cost or at greatly reduced fee to those who are unable to pay.On the other hand, counselors may not provide services to clients without some form of payment. Often times, Christian counselors enjoy what they do and may avoid financial practices that could result in greed. Christian counselors feel negative toward high fees and prolonged treatment for monetary gains. According to the text, Christian counselors do not withhold services to anyone of a different faith, religion, denomination, or value system.It is essential for Christian counselors as ell as other counselors to understand the clients belief system and cultural background in give to provide the best care possible (Clinton Ohlschlager, 2012, pg. 273). Christian counselors should not impose their personal values however support the clients values i n a professional manner. It is important to understand that Christian counselors do not abandon clients. Services should never abruptly end without sufficient notice and proper notification for termination or referral.

Intro to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Intro to Linguistics EssayThe study of clement phrases including the influence of superstar speech communication on somewhat other how dustup and run-in be make and qualify within time the rules of the lyric poem- how denominations be formed, the structure of sentences and words relationship between culture and language how language is acquired- the process of language science (foreigner verses perplex play language). at that place be two approaches/types of polyglotics 1. Traditional Linguistics- the just field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern Linguistics Traditional Linguistics.Characteristics 1. Proscriptive approach- t tot allyy to this approach, linguists tell native speakers how to use their own mother tongue- what argon the rules set norms of/ dictating the in effect(p) use of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The conclusion is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong l anguage. 2. Focus on the written language- Most of the focus is on the written text, which is considered superior to the spoken language the base of the rules. 3.Diachronic number for (etymology) Historical research- the study of the origins of words and languages, which reveals some connections between diametric languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of one language on some other is even higher(prenominal) these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, thither was a shift of interest to the pastime The human languages atomic number 18 to a greater extent complex and exceedingly different than animal communication constitutions- due to amazing cognitive human communication ability (the language faculty).A known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the first linguist to pose the following question what do we know when we know a language (mother tongue)? By asking this question the focus of philology was shifted from grammar to the s tudy of human language as a cognitive ability (cognitive science). The focus shifted to row faculty ( ) and what it lies of. Characteristics 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers use the language, twain in paternity and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions verboten of it- learn intimately the changes that the language undergoes through time.not interested in what should be, that rather in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, just observation and description of the current use, in array to analyze and find correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- point of handout is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and on that pointfore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not all languages begin a written system, exactly if e very(prenominal)one has at least one mother tongue language.* The written language is less natural- o ne of necessity to study it in a very logical delegacy whereas the spoken language mother tongue is acquired in a natural process, gross to bothone (normally in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) the focus is not on the origin/History of the words but on the current use of the words today. We are less interested in what happened but rather in what is happening today. Knowing The whereas knowing about 07/11/11 Linguistic handle 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic sounds (also called phones) which are consisted of accordants and vowels.The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letters/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is just the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in interaction, and when they are brought together into words- they usually affect each other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- something very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- exa mines words structure, and the ways words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. how we form new words.Ex- dis/content/ed/ ness (the split are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the meaning of sentences. We also examine differences between languages- the read of verb and its way out, adj, nouns etc. In profit, we examine Syntaxic touch , for example Without her contributions/ are hard to find. At first glance- it looks uniform something is missing in the sentence, when in reality we did not process it in the right way- we sess look at the sentence as without her, contributions are hard to find.5. Semantics- the study of meaning- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics deals with meaning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For example do you create the time? One wont answer yes but rather tell the someone what time it is. Not li ke the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. 2 - * 6 ( = 6 ) * 6 ( = ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text Narratives vs. informative text the use of conjunctions types of text different tenses complex vs. simple sentences the length of sentences vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and then foreign languages.How children acquire their mother tongue so quickly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is tie in to all the other fields mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic cognition is represented in the brain. For example aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a ver y big field that examines the correlation between language and psychological cognitive processes (for example lexical retrieval).Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example bug- insect/ computer rivald problem. The field also examines what happens when there is no context- how we associate between words and its meanings. For example word priming- Duck-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12.Computational Linguistics-deals with construction artificial intelligence, creating models that try to imitate how language works and use it in different applications. Related to the implementation of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who have language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors).Socio-linguistics We fall apart between dialects- different varieties of the same language, as a result of many another(prenominal) factors. Types of Dialects- 1. Geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states there are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a certain group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an individual. It is sometimes gradual, and we dont unendingly notice it. Usually bases on imitation.Each of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic knowledge- every 4-5 year old can speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the surroundings, stimulates, feed defend)? Two opposed currents in science, which have great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge 1.Empiricism ( conjuration lock Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- have no knowledge, which centre that human knowledge equals the sum of experiences. Nothing is innate, we are nevertheless equipped with the ability to respond. Everyone are innate(p) equal- with nothing innate. This means humans can be shaped- their thought can be manipulated using feed spur and exposure. 2. Rationalism (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences we are born with some innate material- we are equipped with some ability, to which experience is added.Experience is not the only thing All people are equal, but this equality is establish on richness- we all take something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language mother tongue (different theories) Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF Skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F.Skinner claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand ones use with the other). For example a kid only heard antic ate an apple- but he go away be able to create the following sentence John ate an Orange using Analogy.This means, we learn and use language, by exposure + analogy. - In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when changing the word told to promise and still, it is automatically understood by a child in his mother tongue John told lineup to clean the room John promised Bill to clean the room. How? -analogy is not enough to explain the above. -Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinners observations, claiming Analogy is not enough and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings ( unheeding of their language or culture), which is also known as the Hypothesis of innateness. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innateEvidence Chomsky proposed to enforce his theory 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological cases, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue more or less at the same time regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless number of sentences, including sentences that we have neer heard before.We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages share (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise how can it be explained? ). For example * All languages have nouns and verbs thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share * John said that Mary bought a car. What did John say Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought?* John spread the rumor that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? Ungrammatical sentence- any speaker allow for know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in position. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language acquisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- child has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5.By the age of 5 he already masters the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of study a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick pro cess also when learning foreigner language. * Critical block/age- there is a certain age in which the child essential be overt to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16).If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother tongue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities.If it was only exposer it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself an d the teacher/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate childs grammer, it will eventually change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language.This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * Poverty of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain in all how a child acquires and masters his mother tongue a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before.What he is exposed to is limited, all the same what he can produce is endless. In addition, the s timuli consist of errors- he child doesnt ever so listen to bring about/ grammatical correct sentences the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors yet the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them.For example John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or some consistency else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never distinguish to John). When examining language acquisition, we see children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make such(prenominal) mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society.The rules of a language, but from a social point of weigh (a social term). * tidings-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didnt relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms Competence vs. Performance. 1. Performance the same as Parole performance is how we actually use the language what we actually write or say. 2. Competence is not exactly the same as Langue.Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the sys tem one has in his mind some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language.In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competence and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn about the competence, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in ones mind. The main question that linguists ask is what does competence consist of? Chomskys Model UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages ).He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some item knowledge, shared by all languages Universal Grammer (UG) it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with Particular Grammer (PG, G)- proper(postnominal) grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world.A child is equipped with universal grammer, common to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomskys model, UG consists of two things 1. Principles - rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that dont change at all from one language to another, such as the human beings of nasal concordants).2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose values (fillings) are acquired during the exposer. The values are not common to different languages, Thus they have to be acquired via exposer. For example in all language there is a result in every sentence but in some languages the subject essentialiness be a separate entity- which means the subject position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dropped (English does not allow the dropping of a subject cant say ate an apple.We must add a subject vs. Hebraical- represents the subject. In the French language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action Jai mange la pomme- the French ai is like the He brew , yet we still cannot drop the J we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter the subject must be declaimd separately The Values of the Parameter (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No.In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the values to the fixed parameters (the parameter is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the childs critical period). Another Parameter is * It is hot outside- * It seems that Marry is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the pass awayrence of the pronouns (functioning as the sentences subject) it and there is a must they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, altho ugh one will be perfectly understood if hell say it) in Hebrew, we can drop them. flat though semantically we dont need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but theyre only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT.We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). It and There are not always blighter pronouns- they can also function as referential pronouns It is hot outside (expletive) vs. I cant eat the soup, (referential) the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters 1. Parameter an expletive pronoun exists values yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter a subject is a must values yes/no.(We can say that if a language must have a subject , it will necessary have Expletive pronouns and vice versa If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the occurrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate.19/12/11 Some languages require an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive this soup is not tasty because it is cold. The it is referential- points to an entity). marriage offer Stranding and Pied Piping Who did you speak to? can also be asked as followed To whom did you speak? - These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same ide a. It is not possible in Hebrew This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposition by itself leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued yes in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here -Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sounds (phones- ) sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into consonants (b, l, r, m) and vowels (e, a, i ). The differentiation doesnt refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically.(Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example the sound K- is represented by 4 letters k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as K). In Pho netics- Different sounds are examined in different languages how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works.One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter u represents many sounds university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spelling and pronunciation) 1. International Phonetic first principle (IPA) a system of symbols, used mainly by linguists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) similar, yet competing system to the IPA.These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than special sounds/excepti ons (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as * in order to indicate/transcribe sh we use stretched big s (IPA) or s(APA)- (the should be upside down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A token(prenominal) duo- * big- pig * sing- sang.* dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- t vs d. The spelling is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant g/ p changes the meaning of the word. This kind of word p cinchs are called minimum pair-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning.One of t he goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce pie, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in stole vs. tall (in tall we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little h on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the habitue and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater meter of air (pie tall).Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never occur in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can predict in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will occur. 2. tokenish pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 prey big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing of the phone p. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones.Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR) the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the backstage- abstract representation. The phoneme has two manifestations one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) what comes out of our mouths (articulation).Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspirated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, play etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence.The de fault is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesnt exist in the UR Another example is regular N vs. the back N They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back n only before the sounds k and g- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds g and k sounds.These two allophones are two versions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary color distribution. N is the phoneme, which has two allophones n and back n. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they neve r occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs.You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be n and back n. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration this feature in Hindi unlike the English, we have both because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own.Aspiration this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. Voicing ( )- Dean Teen d- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and t is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs.Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divided into consonants and vowels. The difference between the two in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blocked to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate).Generally, the following are involved the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 crit eria 1. Place of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips T- in the tongue P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) relates to the manner of the air flow and the degree of blocking. For example n- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.